• Carbon Monoxide – What You Need To Know

    What is Carbon Monoxide (CO)?

    • CO is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas
    • It is a by-product of incomplete combustion (unburned fuel such as gas, oil, wood, etc.)
    • Low concentrations of CO can go undetected and can contribute to ongoing, unidentified illnesses. At high concentrations, it can be deadly.

    Why is it Dangerous?

    If there is CO in the air you breath, it will enter your blood system the same way oxygen does through your lungs. The CO displaces the oxygen in your blood, depriving your body of oxygen. When the CO displaces enough oxygen, you suffocate.

    What are the Symptoms?

    Continued exposure or high concentrations can result in –

    • Confusion
    • Severe headaches
    • Cardiac problems
    • Breathing difficulties
    • Brain damage
    • Dizziness
    • Death

    Long term exposure to low concentrations –

    • Slight headaches
    • Fatigue
    • Shortness of breath with only moderate exertion
    • Nausea
    • Dizziness and confusion

    Why is it called "The Great Imitator"?

    • Symptoms of CO poisoning are very similar to the flu
    • Illness in pets preceding illness in a family member may suggest CO poisoning

    Who is at Greater Risk?

    • Senior citizens
    • Unborn babies
    • People with respiratory or coronary problems
    • Infants
    • Pregnant women
    • Young children

    Note: Vulnerable people who are exposed even to low levels of CO for long time periods may have similar health affects as those exposed to high concentrations of CO.

    What can Produce CO in our Homes

    Anything that burns fuel or generates combustion gases including -

    • Gas Stoves
    • Fireplaces
    • Automobiles
    • Barbecues
    • Furnaces
    • Ranges
    • Boilers
    • Space heaters
    • Water heaters
    • Portable generators

    Solid fuels, such as wood, always produce carbon monoxide when they are burned. Gas and liquid fuels may produce no CO or very little.

    What are the most common sources of Carbon Monoxide?

    1. Automobile exhaust in attached garages.
    This is responsible for 60% of all CO alarms. People who warm their cars up in the garage are trapping CO inside the garage. The CO can find its way into the home.


    2. Gas cooking appliances.
    This is reported to account for 20% of CO alarms. It may be a result of a misused, poorly maintained, poorly installed, or unvented cooking appliance.


    3. Poor draft/venting for fuel burning appliances.
    This is one of the most common and serious causes for CO build-up and has been reported to account for up to 19% of CO alarms. The products of combustion are not being safely expelled to the exterior. This could be due to venting problems, such as blocked chimney flues or inadequate venting for appliances or fireplaces. Other problems include poor installation and negative air pressure in the house, causing backdrafting, often due to exhaust fans.


    Other problems include poor combustion at furnace. Inadequate combustion air to the furnace can result in incomplete combustion. If the furnace has a cracked heat exchanger, it is possible to get CO into the circulating air. It is also imperative that we do not deprive our heating equipment and fuel burning appliances of air; especially in air-tight homes where running exhaust fans can result in a shortage of combustion air. Combustion air is essential for safe operation of furnaces, water heaters, and other fuel burning equipment.

    There can also be a leak in a chimney or flue pipe.

    Ventilation issues are very common as a result of barbecues or gasoline powered equipment operating in an attached garage, basement, or enclosed area.

    Are there more problems with carbon monoxide today than 30 years ago?
    Yes, this is due to:

    • More energy-efficient, air-tight homes
    • Less natural ventilation

    How can I guard against carbon monoxide poisoning?

    The first line of defense is to have your home heating systems, fuel burning appliances, flues and chimneys checked and/or cleaned annually.

    Here is the inspection checklist. Specialists should check for:

    • Blocked openings to flues and chimneys
    • Cracked, rusted, or disconnected flue pipes
    • Dirty filters
    • Rusted or cracked heat exchanger
    • Soot or creosote build-up inside fireplaces and chimney flues
    • Exhaust or gas odors
    • Attached garages require gas proofing and automatic closers for doors into the home
    • Adequate combustion air
    • Adequate venting on indoor combustion appliances (i.e-gas stoves)

    The second line of defense is a CO detector.

    Carbon Monoxide Detectors

    Background

    It’s a relatively new technology introduced in the early 1990s. It is designed to warn homeowners when CO reaches dangerous levels within the home.

    How do they work?

    CO detectors sample the air at specific time intervals. A microchip inside the detector stores the reading and keeps track of the level of CO that the detector is exposed to over time

    Types of sensors:

    Residential

    • Biometric (Oldest type of sensor)
    • Metal Oxide Semi-conductor
    • Electrochemical (The best of the three types for a residential sensor)

    Industrial

    • Infrared – Highly advanced, very expensive. Not something you would find at a typical hardware store.

    The detectors are supposed to sound an alarm when exposed to a set level of CO (measured in parts per million) over a specific time period. These levels or standards are set by UL (Underwriters Laboratories).

    Old Standard (Units manufactured between October 1, 1995 and October 1, 1998) - First Generation CO detectors.

    Exposure

    CO (ppm)

    Time

    To a low level for a prolonged period of time

    15

    Alarm after 30 days

    To a low level of CO for an extended period of time

    100

    Alarm within 90 minutes

    To a moderate level of CO for a shorter period of time

    200

    Alarm within 35 minutes

    To a high level of CO for a short period of time

    400

    Alarm within 15 minutes


    The UL Standard was revised and any detector manufactured after October 1, 1998 must conform to the new Standard.

    Exposure

    CO (ppm)

    Time

    To a low level for a prolonged period of time

    30

    Alarm after 30 days

    To a low level of CO for an extended period of time

    70

    Alarm within 189 minutes

    To a moderate level of CO for a shorter period of time

    150

    Alarm within 50 minutes

    To a high level of CO for a short period of time

    400

    Alarm within 15 minutes


    Also included in the new Standard is:

    • CO detector should ignore a CO level reading of 70 for at least 1 hour without alarming
    • CO detector should ignore a CO level reading of 150 for at least 10 minutes without alarming
    • Must only signal under alarm or trouble. No low-level warning signal is allowed
    • Must have a SILENCE button to shut it off. Must re-alarm after 6 minutes if CO levels persist
    • Must meet the specificity test referencing non-alarm status at specific concentrations of certain gases and vapors

    To put levels into perspective:

    CO Level (ppm)

    Health Effect

    0

    Desirable level

    9

    Maximum outdoor air quality level as per EPA

    50

    Maximum concentration for a continuous exposure in an 8-hour time period (OSHA standard)

    400

    Headaches in 1 to 2 hours, life threatening after 3 hours

    800

    Nausea and convulsions, death within 2 hours

    1600

    Nausea within 20 minutes, death within 1 hour

    12,800

    Death within 1 to 3 minutes


    Note: These studies are generally done on young, healthy people. These symptoms can change drastically depending on age, sex, weight, habits (e.g. smoking), and most importantly, your health.

    The Controversy

    • Reliability of the detectors

    The Issue

    • CO detectors are supposed to alarm at certain levels as indicated in the tables above
    • Recent testing suggests that many of these devices are not nearly as reliable as they should be
    • There has been regular television coverage that focused on false alarms and the reliability of CO detectors

    Example

    • In 1994, Chicago was the first major city to make these detectors mandatory in the living space
    • In the last three months of 1994, the Chicago Fire Department responded to 8,600 CO alarms
    • In almost every case there was no dangerous level of CO found during follow-up investigations

    Result

    • Laboratory testing was done
    • Up to 1/3 of the alarms tested, failed to alarm

    Reasons

    1. Technology

    • Technology for residential CO detectors is very primitive.
    • Industrial detectors have a different set of standards and more sophisticated technology. As a result, they are very expensive.
    • Different detectors have large variances on the levels at which they are supposed to alarm. The sensor technology used in home alarms is not designed to measure and display low level, short term concentrations of CO. Substantial differences exist in the sensitivity of different sensors at low levels. As a result, they may go off too soon or not soon enough.

    2. Humidity

    • Standards require these devices to be tested at a humidity of 50%.
    • Testing revealed that many devices failed to respond when humidity levels were low even though they are supposed to work within a large humidity range. See your CO detectors manual.
    • In colder climates, humidity levels can fall well below 50% (in fact the humidity should not be higher than 40%) during the cold season when furnaces and other fuel burning appliances are in full operation.

    3. Effect of Other Gases and Vapors

    • Other gases such as Carbon Dioxide can also trigger a CO alarm. The UL 2034 Standard requires that CO alarms do not alarm when certain concentrations of other gases and vapors exist in the vicinity of a CO detector. The level for Carbon Dioxide in the old standard was low, which may have contributed to many false alarms with first generation CO detectors.

    Conclusions

    • CO detectors are designed to protect the average healthy human from death or serious injury under the current standards; however –
    • People who are more susceptible cannot depend on these devices for total protection. In this case, more sensitive CO detecting equipment should be used.
    • Several groups are working with UL to improve the standards. October 1999 revisions have already been drafted.
    • There is room for improvement by imposing stricter standards as well as technological development.
    • It is critical that people understand the dangers of CO and that the people who investigate it are properly trained and are using CO testing equipment properly.

    Where to install a CO detector?

    • One or more CO detectors in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Usually one per floor.
    • Maintain and test regularly as instructed by the manufacturer.

    Things to look for when buying a CO detector?

    1. Type of sensor (electrochemical)
    2. Certification-UL 2034
    3. Conforms to new standard
    4. IAS 6-96 is a supplementary standard to the UL 2034 which includes reliability testing. This standard may not be visible on the box.
    5. Other considerations include digital display, sensor life, power source, and warranty.

    How does all of this relate to your home inspection?

    A home inspection may reveal a potential Carbon Monoxide source.
    Common deficiencies found during inspections include:

    • Venting deficiencies
    • Damaged or rusted flue pipes
    • Dirty or blocked chimney flues
    • Cracked heat exchangers
    • Gas proofing deficiencies
    • Inadequate combustion air
    • Poorly installed equipment

    Limitations –

    • Visual Inspection
    • Equipment available

    There are other ways to test CO levels in a home. These tests go beyond the scope of a standard home inspection.

    Line drawings are from the Carson Dunlop Home Inspection Training Program and Home Inspection Software Tool – Horizon

  • Structures 101 – What You Should Know About The “Bones”

    "This house isn't going anywhere." Or is it!?

    Serious structural problems in houses are not very common, but when they occur they are never cheap to fix. Some can’t be fixed at all. This report won’t turn you into a home inspector, but it will give you some of the common indicators.

    Uneven Floors

    Uneven floors are typical, particularly in older homes. Here is a trick to help distinguish between a typical home with character and a structural problem. It’s not unusual for an older home to have the floor sag in the middle. On the other hand, if the floor slopes toward an outside wall, there is a good chance that the house has a significant structural problem.

    Leaning House

    While no house is perfect, this is one area where you should be very careful. Take a look at the house from across the street. If the house appears to be leaning one way or the other, there may be a structural problem. It may help to line up a front corner of the house with the back corner of an adjacent house just for reference. The corners should be parallel. Stepping back from the house to take a look is always a good idea. It is easy to miss something major by standing too close to it! If there is a lean that is detectable by eye, don’t take any chances. Get it checked out.

    Horizontal Foundation Cracks are Bad

    It is not uncommon to find cracks in the foundation. This goes for new houses as well as old ones. While there is a great deal of engineering that goes into “reading” these cracks, there is one rule that you should never forget. “Horizontal cracks are a problem”. Of course not all vertical cracks are acceptable, but they are generally not as serious as a horizontal crack.

    Harmless Cracks

    Shrinkage cracks in a new house: Most new foundations will develop small vertical cracks. These cracks are a result of the concrete shrinking as it cures. These cracks are about 1 /8 inch wide or less. They don’t affect the structure. The only concern is leakage. If you see small cracks in a new foundation, don’t panic. In fact, in a new home, some builders will pre-crack the foundation and fill the crack with flexible material.

    Plaster Cracks:

    Few things are more misunderstood than plaster cracks on the inside of the house.

    The following crack types are not generally related to structural movement -

    • a small crack (less than 1/4 inch) that follows the corner of the room where two walls meet
    • small cracks that extend up from the upper corner of a door opening

    The following cracks may be related to structural movement –

    • large cracks (larger than 1/4 inch in width)
    • cracks that run diagonally across the wall
    • cracks on the interior finish that are in the same vicinity as cracks on the exterior of the house.

    Line drawings are from the Carson Dunlop Home Inspection Training Program and Home Inspection Software Tool – Horizon